YY-F关于从视障群体角度更新《无障碍设计规范》进而打造和谐宜居文明之都的建议
Suggestions on Updating the Accessibility Design Standards from the Perspective of Visually Impaired Groups and Building a Harmonious, Livable and Civilized City
- 研题建议的背景、目的及意义
- Background, purpose, and significance of research proposal
据中国残联数据统计，中国视障人群高达1700万，几乎每80人中就有一位视障患者，或全盲或低视力。但日常生活中，盲人存在感很低，在公交地铁、公园绿地和购物商厦等公共区域，几乎很少能见到盲人踪迹。我们曾采访过金融街道的一家盲人诊所，按摩师们每天两点一线，而宿舍和诊所之间的公交通勤，必须采取低视力帮助全盲的办法。按句话说，盲人独立出行困难依然无解。
另一方面，随着社会文明程度和包容性提高，国家对无障碍环境关注度日益提高，并形成了以国家标准为主导、地方以及行业标准实施细化的模式。2012年修订的《无障碍设计规范》（GB 50763），属于国家明确的工程建设的强制性标准。同时，国家还颁布了具体类型公共建筑的无障碍设计规范，包括《民用机场旅客航站区无障碍设施设备配置标准》和《铁路旅客车站无障碍设计规范》等。
无障碍设计标准体系是工程建设标准体系的重要组成部分，对我无障碍环境建设水平具有深远影响。以盲道为例，尽管很多城市道路的盲道设计不够规范，具有缺陷，不仅没为视障人士出行提供便利，反而可能增加出行障碍，但是其他类型的公共建筑，如写字楼，因不受规范制约，加上成本和技术等考量，对视障人群可能更不友好，与“无障碍”相距更远。追本溯源，我们认为，中国和欧美国家在无障碍实践上的差距固然有重视程度和落实力度等现实原因，但根本上还是双方在理念和标准制定上的差别造成的，因此完善国家标准可事半功倍。
According to data from the China Disabled Persons Federation, the number of visually impaired people in China is as high as 17 million, with almost one visually impaired person in every 80 people, either completely blind or with low vision. However, in daily life, the presence of blind people is very low, and in public areas such as buses, subways, parks, green spaces, and shopping malls, blind people are rarely seen. We once interviewed a blind clinic on the Financial Street, where massage therapists were on the line at two o’clock every day, and the public transportation between dormitories and clinics had to adopt low vision methods to help with complete blindness. As the saying goes, the difficulty of independent travel for blind people remains unsolved.
On the other hand, with the improvement of social civilization and inclusiveness, the country’s attention to accessible environments is increasing, and a model has been formed with national standards as the main focus and local and industry standards implemented in detail. The 2012 revised Code for Accessibility Design (GB 50763) is a mandatory standard for engineering construction that is clearly defined by the state. At the same time, the country has also issued specific types of accessibility design specifications for public buildings, including the “Standard for Accessibility Facilities and Equipment Configuration in Civil Airport Passenger Terminal Areas” and the “Accessibility Design Specification for Railway Passenger Stations”.
The accessibility design standard system is an important component of the engineering construction standard system, which has a profound impact on the level of accessibility environment construction in China. Taking the tactile paving as an example, although the design of tactile paving in many urban roads is not standardized and has defects, which not only does not facilitate the travel of the visually impaired, but may increase the travel barriers, other types of public buildings, such as office buildings, may be more unfriendly to the visually impaired and further away from “barrier free” due to the fact that they are not subject to the restrictions of specifications, cost and technology considerations. Tracing back to the root cause, we believe that the gap between China and European and American countries in accessibility practice is not only due to practical reasons such as the level of attention and implementation, but also fundamentally due to differences in concepts and standard formulation between the two sides. Therefore, improving national standards can achieve twice the result with half the effort.
二、《GB50763-2012无障碍设计规范》的主要内容
2、 The main content of GB50763-2012 Code for Accessibility Design
本建筑规范主要有以下特征。首先从覆盖范围看，主要以肢体残疾的无障碍设计为主，缺乏视、听残疾及其他无障碍设计的标准要求。其次，针对视障人群采取的主要措施可大致分为五类：一是通过语音提示装置，在医院、福利设施和电梯厅为视障人群提供方便。二是在城市公共道路、建筑电梯侯梯厅和楼梯前设置盲道，起导引作用。三是在文化景点、图书馆等设立专门的语音导览、盲人阅览室等。四是在商业建筑中提供导盲犬休息空间。五是为非完全失明的色弱视障人群，在重要通行节点提供高对比度色彩区分，以保证安全。最后，以设施的增设、优化为评判标准，除8.1.4公共建筑内至少设置一部无障碍电梯外，其余条款均为建议性条款，或出于安全防范而设置的兜底性的强制性条款。
综上，针对视障人群需求的设计，在中国规范中的占比极小。在我们就此调研时，有设计师指出，这可能不是规范制定者的无视，而是真切的迫于技术手段的匮乏的无奈的表现。视觉信息占据健全人获得信息来源总量的70%-85%，失去视力剥夺了人绝大多数信息来源，也让通过技术手段帮助视障人群获得无障碍生活的努力，变得相比其他残障形式的努力显得更为艰难。
然而，不论技术手段匮乏与否，规范中针对视障人群的关照比例同样显得不足。导盲犬作为视障人群通行的必要帮助之一，竟只在商业建筑部分有所提及，在公共交通建筑、城市其余公共空间针对导盲犬通行便利的措施只字未言。这可以看出规范对视障人群的忽视。同时，无障碍设计带来的额外成本支出，使得规范制定者变得更为谨慎。公共建筑是否无障碍全凭开发单位的自由决断，让公共建筑实现无障碍的目标显得更为遥远和无力，遑论针对视障人群的更细致的关照。
另一方面，美国标准由于是根据人类的移动路线和需求制定的，因此覆盖面更广，设置更复杂。例如，美国标准对改造区域内外的无障碍路线的具体规定包括：“包括一条连续的无障碍通道，供行人接近、进入和离开改造区域，有一个通往改造区域的外部出入口（包括人行道、街道和停车场），并能方便地进入设施和服务区，如休息、电话和饮用水”。为了消除文字带来的不确定性，该标准还包含了带有文字和尺寸描述的图片。
This building code mainly has the following characteristics. Firstly, from the perspective of coverage, the main focus is on accessibility design for physical disabilities, lacking standard requirements for visual, auditory disabilities, and other accessibility designs. Secondly, the main measures taken for visually impaired individuals can be roughly divided into five categories: firstly, providing convenience for visually impaired individuals in hospitals, welfare facilities, and elevator lobbies through voice prompts. The second is to set tactile paving in front of urban public roads, building elevator waiting halls and stairs for guidance. Thirdly, specialized audio guides and blind reading rooms should be set up in cultural attractions, libraries, etc. The fourth is to provide a resting space for guide dogs in commercial buildings. The fifth is to provide high contrast color discrimination for visually impaired individuals who are not completely blind at important traffic nodes to ensure safety. Finally, with the addition and optimization of facilities as the evaluation criteria, except for at least one accessible elevator installed in public buildings in 8.1.4, all other clauses are advisory clauses or mandatory clauses set up for safety precautions.
In summary, the design targeting the needs of visually impaired individuals has a very small proportion in Chinese regulations. When conducting our research on this topic, some designers pointed out that this may not be the disregard of standard setters, but a genuine manifestation of helplessness due to the lack of technological means. Visual information accounts for 70% -85% of the total information sources obtained by able-bodied individuals. Loss of vision deprives people of the vast majority of information sources and makes the effort to help visually impaired individuals achieve an accessible life through technological means more difficult than other forms of disability.
However, regardless of the lack of technological means, the proportion of care for visually impaired individuals in the regulations is also insufficient. As one of the necessary assistance for visually impaired people, guide dogs are only mentioned in commercial buildings, and there is no mention of measures for the convenience of guide dogs in public transportation buildings and other public spaces in the city. This shows the neglect of norms towards visually impaired individuals. At the same time, the additional cost expenditures brought about by barrier free design make specification makers more cautious. Whether public buildings are accessible or not depends on the free decision-making of the development unit, making the goal of accessibility for public buildings more distant and powerless, let alone more detailed care for visually impaired people.
On the other hand, American standards are designed based on human movement routes and needs, resulting in wider coverage and more complex settings. For example, the specific provisions of the US standard for accessible routes inside and outside the renovation area include: “including a continuous accessible passage for pedestrians to approach, enter, and leave the renovation area, an external entrance and exit to the renovation area (including sidewalks, streets, and parking lots), and easy access to facilities and service areas such as rest, telephone, and drinking water.”. To eliminate the uncertainty caused by text, the standard also includes images with text and size descriptions.
三、建议的具体内容
3、 Specific content of suggestions
- 行进盲道应与人行道走向一致，走向轴线上应避让连续障碍，减少不必要的转弯次数。
- 行进盲道宜设置在距离路缘石1.5-1.8m处，以避让非机动车停放区。如人行道宽度条件不允许，盲道应采用高对比度色彩提示，防止占用。
- 城市建成区区域的人行横道，应配置带有触摸标识及过街音响的提示装置。
- 在城市重要公共建筑的主要入口或无障碍入口处，宜设置可通过盲道到达，且带有盲文标识的召援电话设施。
- 在城市公共建筑主入口或无障碍入口处应设欢迎导盲犬标识
- The tactile paving shall be in line with the sidewalk, and continuous obstacles shall be avoided on the strike axis to reduce the number of unnecessary turns.
- The tactile paving should be set 1.5-1.8m away from the curb to avoid the parking area for non motor vehicles. If the width of the sidewalk is not allowed, the tactile paving shall use high contrast color tips to prevent occupation.
- Pedestrian crossings in urban built-up areas should be equipped with warning devices with touch signs and street crossing sound.
- At the main entrance or barrier free entrance of important public buildings in the city, it is advisable to set up a call phone facility that can be reached through the tactile paving and has Braille signs.
- Welcome guide dog signs should be installed at the main entrance or accessible entrance of urban public buildings
四、建议的科学依据
4、 Scientific basis for recommendations
1. 本条建议针对GB50763-12中第3.2.2条建议优化。在实际工程实践中，盲道轴线与人行道边线的相对关系通常保持一致，若设计过程中未与道路中的井盖、线杆等沿道路走向布置的设施设备进行位置碰撞检查，容易出现盲道需要在走向上多次转弯避让的情况（图1），极大的降低了盲道的使用便利程度。
建议规范中对此类情况进行一定的约束，提升城市盲道使用的便利性，如约束一定长度内盲道发生的非道路走向改变导致的转弯次数，或强调设计过程中应统筹考虑盲道与道路上各类连续设置的线杆、立柱、树池和井盖等障碍的轴线位置关系，从而避免线位冲突的矛盾。
2. 本条建议针对GB50763-12中第3.2.2条建议优化。本条于第4款中针对盲道避让非机动车停放区域进行了要求，而在实际工程实践和城市管理中，非机动车惯常停放在人行道路缘石一侧，但不一定通过明确标示线划分停车区域，若盲道设置不避让此区域，容易与非机动车停放区域产生冲突（图2）。
建议规范盲道的轴线位置选择与非机动车停车区域的相对关系，在空间关系上尽量予以避让。当人行道宽度不足以平行容纳未画设标线非机动车停车区域与盲道时，建议提升盲道在此类区域中颜色选择的规范性，避免产生由于盲道颜色与周边铺地颜色相近，导致无法对非机动车停车避让盲道进行提示的情况。
3. 本条建议针对GB50763-12中第4.3.1条建议优化.条款中对设置语音提示装置的人行横道建议为城市中心区域，术语定义中未对此概念进行明晰，在实际应用中，易由于概念不清而导致应设置语音提示装置的人口密集建成区未设置（图3），降低了视障人群自主出行的便利程度。
建议规范将人行横道设置语音提示装置的范围扩大至城市建成区，并在术语解释中进行明晰，从而增加视障人士能够自主无障碍出行的范围。
4. 本条建议针对GB50763-12中第8部分建议优化。此部分中在8.4.2条第11款中针对医疗建筑提出在主要出入口设置盲文地图或语音导医系统和提示系统。为方便视障人群的日常自主出行，建议在城市内的重要公共建筑，包括但不限于文化、办公科研、教育、福利与特殊服务建筑及各类公共交通建筑的主要出入口，设置能通过盲道到达的语音服务设施或召援电话，方便视障人群拓宽日常自主活动的范围，更有效的融入社会生产生活活动。例如在已建成的北京大兴国际机场的主要出入口处（图4），设置了盲道能够到达的召援电话，能够帮助视障人群快速获得服务人员的协助，极大的提升了视障人群在交通建筑中的使用体验和便利程度。
5. 本条建议针对GB50763-12中第8部分建议优化。使用导盲犬的视障人群需要借助导盲犬在公共建筑中完成日常活动。针对目前导盲犬难以在公共设施得到认可的现状，根据《无障碍环境建设条例》第16条规定“视力残疾人携带导盲犬出入公共场所，应当遵守国家有关规定，公共场所的工作人员应当按照国家有关规定提供无障碍服务”，建议在城市公共建筑主入口或无障碍入口处做欢迎导盲犬标识，以对建筑使用管理者进行提示。
- This suggestion is aimed at optimizing Article 3.2.2 of GB50763-12. In actual engineering practice, the relative relationship between the axis of the tactile paving and the sideline of the sidewalk is usually consistent. If the location collision inspection is not carried out with the facilities and equipment arranged along the road direction such as manhole covers and wire poles in the road during the design process, it is easy to occur that the tactile paving needs to turn several times on the direction to avoid collision (Figure 1), which greatly reduces the convenience of the use of the tactile paving.
It is suggested that the specification should restrict such situations to improve the convenience of the use of urban tactile paving, such as restricting the number of turns caused by non road trend changes in tactile paving within a certain length, or emphasize that the axis position relationship between tactile paving and various obstacles continuously set on the road, such as poles, columns, tree pools and manhole covers, should be taken into account in the design process, so as to avoid the conflict between line and position.
Figure 1. Continuous turning on a tactile paving to avoid obstacles - This suggestion is aimed at optimizing Article 3.2.2 of GB50763-12. In paragraph 4 of this article, requirements are made for the tactile paving to avoid the parking area of non motor vehicles. However, in actual engineering practice and urban management, non motor vehicles are often parked at the curb side of the pedestrian road, but the parking area is not necessarily divided by clear marking lines. If the tactile paving is set to avoid this area, it is easy to conflict with the parking area of non motor vehicles (Figure 2).
It is suggested to standardize the relative relationship between the axis location of tactile paving and the parking area of non motor vehicles, and try to avoid the spatial relationship. When the width of the sidewalk is not enough to parallel accommodate the unmarked non motor vehicle parking area and the tactile paving, it is recommended to improve the standardization of the color selection of the tactile paving in such areas, so as to avoid the situation that the color of the tactile paving is similar to the color of the surrounding pavement, which makes it impossible to prompt non motor vehicle parking to avoid the tactile paving.
Figure 2. Interference between non motor vehicle parking and tactile paving in Beijing - This suggestion is aimed at optimizing Article 4.3.1 of GB50763-12. It is suggested that the pedestrian crossing with voice prompt devices should be located in the central urban area, but this concept is not clearly defined in the terminology definition. In practical applications, it is easy for the densely populated built-up areas where voice prompt devices should be installed to not be set up due to unclear concepts (Figure 3), which reduces the convenience of autonomous travel for visually impaired people.
Suggest expanding the scope of setting up voice prompt devices on pedestrian crossings to urban built-up areas and clarifying them in terminology explanations, in order to increase the range of autonomous and accessible travel for visually impaired individuals.
Figure 3. A pedestrian crossing in a built-up area in Beijing without a voice prompt device - This suggestion is aimed at optimizing Part 8 of GB50763-12. In clause 8.4.2 (11) of this section, it is proposed to install braille maps or voice guided medical systems and prompt systems at the main entrances and exits of medical buildings. In order to facilitate the daily independent travel of the visually impaired, it is recommended to set up voice service facilities or call phones that can be reached through the tactile paving in important public buildings in the city, including but not limited to cultural, office research, education, welfare and special service buildings and the main entrances and exits of various public transport buildings, so as to facilitate the visually impaired to broaden the scope of their daily independent activities and more effectively integrate into social production and life activities. For example, at the main entrance and exit of the completed Beijing Daxing International Airport (Figure 4), a call phone that can be reached by the tactile paving has been set up, which can help the visually impaired people quickly get assistance from service personnel and greatly improve their use experience and convenience in traffic buildings.
Figure 4. The call for assistance telephone set up at the entrance and exit of Daxing Airport - This suggestion is aimed at optimizing Part 8 of GB50763-12. Visually impaired individuals using guide dogs need to use them to complete daily activities in public buildings. In response to the current situation where guide dogs are difficult to be recognized in public facilities, according to Article 16 of the Regulations on Accessible Environment Construction, “visually impaired individuals carrying guide dogs in and out of public places should comply with relevant national regulations, and staff in public places should provide accessible services in accordance with relevant national regulations.” It is recommended to place a welcome guide dog sign at the main entrance or accessible entrance of urban public buildings, Provide reminders to building usage managers.